This perspective includes both religious and secular cultural settings, especially Muslim ones. . The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. Relevance to clinical practice (PERSIAN CULTURE) Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. I begged Him not to let me die in pain. For more information (Freud & Breuer, Citation1895). Role of Culture in Healthcare Decision-Making. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. In recent decades, access to political power has become one of the biggest social advantages and indications of privilege. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. Reducing health . The larger study has been conducted among cancer patients in 10 countries. This is based on the traditional idea that people should protect their personal and family honour by giving a public impression of dignity and integrity. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). The whole life, since our birth, we are socialised to believe in saints. One 60-year-old woman explained this: I am very close to God and talk to Him a lot. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. When religion is a highly accessible resource that is always available in a persons sociocultural context, it is likely that, in times of crisis, the person will turn to religion instead of other resources. 5 Here we refer to the real believers and not to the majority of Iranians who according to the law are regarded as Shiites. 3099067 Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: PakPolaris at Deviant Art, Creative Commons, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. Such an unwillingness to turn to clergies in the time of difficulty is also found in our Turkish study. The notion that illness is a test imposed on us by God is an old one. All these things calm me down and give me strength. Angela Sanchez. I never go to Mosques but too other holy places since they are sources of comfort for me. to work, get an education, marry, divorce, bear children or not) varies significantly depending on the attitude of her husband or closest male relative. Several researchers (Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; DeMarinis, Citation2014; Lloyd, Citation2018) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives. We found two patterns. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. The primary beverage is black tea. Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Iran. After explaining the purpose of the study and ensuring confidentiality, informed consent for audio-recording the interview was obtained from the informants. However, it has received less attention from policymakers and health researchers in Iran. As mentioned before, sacred here is not defined in a religious context, but an inwardly sanctification context. Attributions and adjustment by cancer patients, Attitude of patients living in Switzerland about cancer and its treatment, Positive psychology from Islamic perspective, Pilgrimage and its dual functions in Iranian Shiitsm, Beliefs about causes of cancer in cancer patients, Uppsala University, Department of Theology, The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. One possible reason for this is that, for these interviewees, religion is a larger part of [their] orientation system (Ahmad, Citation2006, p. 28). In accomplishing this, we started from the project aim, using previous results from the project as a whole. Dec 15, 2012. Ultimately, a womans independence and freedom to make choices for herself (i.e. In this regard, a 53-year-old woman, told us: I never ask the clergy for help.. All leaders are expected to have a high level of academic achievement or theological education. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of Iranian women and 20.8 percent of Iranian men have mental-health difficulties. Family Solidarity - Intergenerational solidarity refers to the degree of closeness and support between different generations. The criteria suggested by Lincoln and Guba (Citation1985) were utilised in the current research to ensure trustworthiness. Even Iranians that leave the house as husband and wife can draw negative attention. Religion may not be the only available resource in a persons orientation system, and it may be easier to access other resources. I never forget Him for a second. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. Iranians can often recount the countrys legacy and heritage in great detail. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. Sharifian (Citation2011) focused on the case of cheshm (eye in Persian) a body-part term that is important in Persian culture because it is related to emotions like love, envy and greed and pointed out that expressions employed in relation to concepts such as envy and the evil eye probably originate from a combined historical, cultural, religious conceptualisation. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. Across its history, Iran has continuously pursued modernisation whilst looking to maintain its spiritual integrity. I did Nazr without understanding why. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. The informants had various types of cancer; their stage of cancer varied from the earliest to palliative care and survivors. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. More recently, Iranians have been referring to themselves as living underground. The present article is confined to the results obtained in our study in Iran and restricted to religious coping methods. Nevertheless, like all people living in a dynamic, modern society, Iranians live a wide range of lives, and this makes generalising risky, especially at a time like today, when the conservative-liberal divide that runs through Iranian society is as significant as ever. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. As in other studies in the international project, after translation of the transcribed interviews, the interview protocols were coded in line with the themes found in the study using a thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, Citation2006) and the MAXQDA software (version 12). If a child knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him responsibility. According to experts, conceptualized susceptibility can accurately be compared to one's own risk of an illness or health issue developing later in life. Completely surrounded by God, I put myself and my destiny in His hands. Such habitual practices are not straightforwardly religious, but emerge from a powerful amalgamation of religious superstitions and ancient cultural beliefs. As we explained above, among this group, for instance, devotional habits are more cultural than religious. Generally, families with higher educations will be more open-minded regarding the mothers and fathers contribution to the household dynamic. Under it, Islamic theologians and mullahs constitute the highest ranks of leadership. Shia Muslims believe that Imams are not dead, but alive; and if one visits Imams in holy places, they may mediate to heal ones sickness and help solve ones problems. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Figure 1, presented by Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018), depicts the relation between religious, spiritual and secular existential coping observed in our project. This coping method means that people trust themselves as human beings more than they trust a sacred object God. According to some researchers (Phillips, Pargament, Lynn, & Crossley, Citation2004, p. 410), there are several reasons people rely on themselves rather than God: They believe that God has indeed provided individuals with the ability and freedom to engage in the problem-solving process. Values are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. I should make myself a better person. perceived benefits. Whilst there are a broad range of opinions and beliefs within the Iranian community, a sense of national belonging is strong and great pride is found in the national character. We observed the use of a coping method by some informants that can be categorised as Benevolent Religious Reappraisal. This high rate of cesarean requires careful consideration. Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. To be able to appreciate other cultures' health values, beliefs, and behaviors, increased cultural c Thus, the belief system, ways of thinking and lifestyle of an individual are chiefly culturally constructed. Early marriage is a worldwide problem associated with a range of health and social consequences for teenage girls. The present article is based on an international study on meaning-making coping aimed at understanding the role of culture in coping. These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. This religious governance directly affects the public, political, economic and legal aspects of people's lives. Individuals then keep any information surrounding troubles within the family circle away from public knowledge. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. Indeed, subjects that Australians often avoid (politics and religion) are not necessarily taboo conversations among friends and colleagues in Iran. Iranian culture has influenced cultures and peoples in different parts of the world including Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. When an elder family members husband or wife dies, they will usually move into the house of one of their children. Thus, we can argue that the reason individuals turn to religion in times of crisis is that religion is more accessible in their sociocultural context than are other resources. Therefore, if Iranians go out with their girlfriend or boyfriend in public, they run the risk of being berated, reported on or even detained. 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